Indexed by questions,
not by celebrity.
Each entry follows a question, major positions, core arguments, objections, and further reading. Choose a card to open its dedicated page.
Six entrances across three intersecting threads
What Counts as Existing?
If tables, numbers, institutions, and fictional characters can all be discussed, do they exist in the same way?
Beginning with the distinction between substance and property, this entry compares ontological commitment, dependence, and process views of what the world contains.
Do Causes Really ‘Push’ Effects?
Do we observe necessary connection, or only a regular sequence?
From Humean regularity to counterfactual and interventionist accounts, this entry asks whether causation is a structure of the world, a tool of explanation, or both.
What Does Knowing Add to Believing?
Why is a luckily true belief still not knowledge?
Using the Gettier problem as an entry point, this article compares reliabilism, virtue epistemology, and contextualism as accounts of the normativity of knowledge.
Can Trusting Others Give Us Knowledge?
If most knowledge comes from other people, why imagine the knower as an isolated individual?
This entry examines how testimony transmits knowledge and how identity prejudice, institutional authority, and platforms distribute credibility.
How Do Words Reach the World?
If ‘Morning Star’ and ‘Evening Star’ both refer to Venus, why can their identity still be informative?
Starting with Frege’s sense–reference distinction, this entry introduces disputes over descriptions, direct reference, and causal chains of naming.
Can Saying Something Be Doing Something?
Why do vows, apologies, names, and verdicts change facts rather than merely describe them?
Beginning with performative utterances, this entry explains felicity conditions, effects on hearers, and the role of authority and social norms.